The truth about Whey
Protein
If there is one thing that
continues to perplex me, it is the disparity between how popular whey protein is
(thanks in large part to yours truly) and how much confusion there is regarding
this immensely popular supplement. Why are people so confused about whey? I have
to conclude that it's part deceptive advertising by some unscrupulous supplement
companies, poorly researched articles put out by self proclaimed "guru" types,
and the fact that whey is indeed a complicated protein.
In this article I will endeavor to clear it all
up once and for all... lift the vale of secrecy, strip away the myths, and
shatter the hyperbole surrounding this ultra popular supplement. By the time you
are through reading this article, you will know all that is needed to know
regarding the differences in whey, such a concentrates vs. isolates, micro
filtered vs. ion exchange, and many other answers to questions that seem to
persist no matter how hard wise guy writers like me have tried to dispense with
all the myths and misinformation/disinformation surrounding whey.
Read this article carefully, put it to memory,
and you will be the resident whey expert in the gym and amaze your friends at
the next cookout if whey becomes a topic of discussion (man, people go to some
boring cookouts!).
What Is Whey?
When we talk about whey we are actually referring
to a complex protein made up of many smaller protein subfractions such as:
Beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-lactalbumin, immunoglobulins (IgGs),
glycomacropeptides, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and minor peptides such as lactoperoxidases, lysozyme and lactoferrin. Each of the sub fractions found in
whey has its own unique biological properties.
Up until quite recently, separating these subfractions on a large scale was either impossible or prohibitively expensive
for anything but research purposes. Modern filtering technology has improved
dramatically in the past decade allowing companies to separate some of the
highly bioactive peptides from whey, such as lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase.
Some of these sub fractions are only found in
very minute amounts in cow's milk, normally at less than one percent. For
example, though one of the most promising subfractions for preventing various
diseases, improving immunity and over all health, lactoferrin makes up
approximately 0.5% or less of whey protein derived from cow milk (where as human
milk will contain up to 15% lactoferrin). Over the past few decades, whey
protein powders have evolved several generations from low-grade concentrates to
very high-grade concentrates and isolates.
What's So Great About Whey?
Whey protein has
become a staple supplement for most bodybuilders and other athletes and for good
reason: it's a great protein for a wide variety of reasons. Whey has more
recently caught on with the anti aging/longevity minded groups also for its
effects on immunity.
A growing number of studies has found whey may
potentially reduce cancer rates, combat HIV, improve immunity, reduce stress and
lower cortisol, increase brain serotonin levels, improve liver function in those
suffering from certain forms of hepatitis, reduce blood pressure, and improve
performance, to name a few of its potential medical and sports related
applications. Whey also has an exceptionally high biological value rating
(though sellers of whey make FAR too big a deal of that fact) and an
exceptionally high BCAA
content.
One of whey's major effects is its apparent
ability to raise glutathione (GSH). The importance of GSH for the proper
function of the immune system cannot be overstated. GSH is arguably the most
important water-soluble antioxidant found in the body.
The concentration of intracellular GSH is
directly related to lymphocytes (an important arm of the immune system)
reactivity to a challenge, which suggests intracellular GSH levels are one way
to modulate immune function. GSH is a tri-peptide made up of the
amino acids
L-cysteine, L-glutamine and glycine. Of the three, cysteine is the main source
of the free sulfhydryl group of GSH and is a limiting factor in the synthesis of GSH (though the effects of whey on GSH is more complicated than simply its cysteine content).
Because GSH is known to be essential to immunity
(oxidative stress, general well being, and reduced levels of GSH are associated
with a long list of diseases) whey has a place in anyone's nutrition program.
Reduced GSH is also associated with over training syndrome (OTS) in athletes, so
whey may very well have an application in preventing, or at least mitigating,
OTS. Pertaining directly to athletes, some recent studies suggest whey may have
direct effects on performance and muscle mass, but this research is preliminary
at best. Some studies have found oxidative stress contributes to muscular
fatigue, so having higher GSH levels may allow you to train longer and harder,
as some recent data suggests.
Different Types Of Whey:
Most of the confusion surrounding whey, appears
to be in understanding the different types of whey: concentrates, isolates, ion
exchange, etc, etc. In the following sections, I will attempt to clear it all up
for the reader.
Pros & Cons Of Concentrates:
First generation whey protein powders contained
as low as 30-40% protein and contained high amounts of lactose, fat, and
undenatured proteins. They were considered a "concentrate" and were used mostly
by the food industry for baking and other uses. Modern concentrates now contain
as high as 70-80% plus protein with reduced amounts of lactose and fat. Many
people are under the impression that a WPC is inherently inferior to an isolate.
This is simply untrue. Though WPCs will contain less protein on a gram for gram
basis than an isolate, a high quality WPC contains all sorts of interesting
compounds not found in the isolates.
Good
concentrates contain far higher levels of growth factors, such as IGF-1, TGF-ß1,
and TGF-ß2. They contain much higher levels of various phospholipids, and
various bioactive lipids, such as Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA),
and they often contain higher levels of immunoglobulins and lactoferrin.
Although data is lacking as to whether or not
these compounds found in a good WPC will effect an athlete's muscle mass or
performance, studies do suggest these compounds can improve immunity, intestinal
health, and have many other effects that both athletes and "normal" people alike
may find beneficial.
The drawbacks of WPCs are they have slightly less
protein gram for gram than an isolate, and contain higher levels of fat (though
these fats may in fact have beneficial effects) and higher levels of lactose.
People should not be under the impression that a well made WPC is inherently
inferior to a whey protein isolate (WPI) and may in fact be a superior choice,
depending on the goals of the person. For example, some people don't tolerate
lactose well or are trying to watch every gram of fat in their diet while others
may want the potentially beneficial effects of the additional compounds found in
a high quality concentrate.
The Pros & Cons Of Isolates, &
The Micro Filtered vs. Ion Exchange Debate.
Isolates
WPIs generally contain as much as 90-96% protein.
Research has found that only whey proteins in their natural undenatured state
(i.e. native conformational state) have biological activity. Processing whey
protein to remove the lactose, fats, etc. without losing its biological activity
takes special care by the manufacturer. Maintaining the natural undenatured
state of the protein is essential to its anti-cancer and immune stimulating
activity. The protein must be processed under low temperature and/or low acid
conditions as not to "denature" the protein and this becomes an even greater
concern when making high grade isolates vs, concentrates.
WPIs contain >90% protein contents with minimal
lactose and virtually no fat. The advantage of a good WPI is that it contains
more protein and less fat, lactose, and ash then concentrates on a gram for gram
basis. However, it should be clear to the reader by now that whey is far more
complicated than simple protein content, and protein content per se is far from
the most important factor when deciding which whey to use. For example, ion
exchange has the highest protein levels of any isolate. Does that make it the
best choice for an isolate? No, but many companies still push it as the holy
grail of whey.
Ion-Exchange
Ion exchange is made by taking a concentrate and
running it through what is called an "ion exchange" column to get an "ion
exchange whey isolate." Sounds pretty fancy but there are serious drawbacks to
this method. As mentioned above, whey protein is a complex protein made up of
many sub fraction peptides that have their own unique effects on health,
immunity, etc. Some of these subfractions are only found in very small amounts.
In truth, the subfractions are really what ultimately makes whey the unique
protein it is.
Due to the nature of the ion exchange process,
the most valuable and health promoting components are selectively depleted.
Though the protein content is increased, many of the most important subfractions
are lost or greatly reduced. This makes ion exchange isolates a poor choice for
a true third-generation whey protein supplement, though many companies still use
it as their isolate source due to the higher protein content. Ion exchange
isolates can be as high as 70% or greater of the subfraction Beta-lactoglobulin,
(the least interesting and most allergenic subfraction found in whey) with a
loss of the more biologically active and interesting subfractions.
So, the pros of an ion exchange whey is for those
who simply want the very highest protein contents per gram, but the cons are
that the higher protein content comes at cost; a loss of many of the
subfractions unique to whey. Not an acceptable trade in my view considering the
fact that the actual protein differences between a micro filtered type isolate
is minimal from that of an ion exchange.
Micro-Filtered Isolates
This segues us nicely into looking at the micro
filtered whey isolates. With the array of more recent processing techniques used
to make WPI's - or pull out various subfractions - such as Cross Flow Micro
filtration (CFM®) ultra filtration (UF), micro filtration (MF), reverse osmosis
(RO), dynamic membrane filtration (DMF), ion exchange chromatography, (IEC),
electro-ultrafiltration (EU), radial flow chromatography (RFC) and nano
filtration (NF), manufacturers can now make some very high grade and unique whey
proteins. Perhaps the most familiar micro filtered isolate to readers, would be
CFM®*.
Although the term "cross flow micro filtered" is
something of a generic term for several similar ways of processing whey, The
CFM® processing method uses a low temperature micro filtration techniques that
allows for the production of very high protein contents (>90%), the retention of
important subfractions, extremely low fat and lactose contents, with virtually
no undenatured proteins. CFM® is a natural non-chemical process which employs
high tech ceramic filters, unlike ion exchange, which involves the use of
chemical regents such as hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. CFM® whey
isolate also contains high amounts of calcium and low amounts of sodium.
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